Tema 24: Lengua Inglesa

Present Simple se usa para hábitos, rutinas, verdades generales y estados permanentes. Present Continuous (be + V-ing) se usa para acciones que ocurren ahora mismo, situaciones temporales o cambios.

Reglas básicas

• Present Simple: I/you/we/they + base; he/she/it + base + -s/-es.
• Present Continuous: am/is/are + V-ing.
• Verbos terminados en -o, -ch, -sh, -ss, -x añaden -es: go → goes, watch → watches.
• Verbos terminados en consonante + y cambian a -ies: study → studies, carry → carries.

Marcadores temporales clave

Verbos stative: NUNCA Continuous

Los verbos de estado, opinión, sentidos o emociones no admiten -ing: know, like, love, hate, want, prefer, understand, believe, own, hear, see, smell, taste, seem, belong, think (opinión).

• ✓ I love chocolate. / ✗ I am loving chocolate.
• ✓ She knows the answer. / ✗ She is knowing the answer.

Errores típicos de hispanohablantes

• Omitir -s en 3ª persona: 'She go to work' → She goes to work. El español no marca persona en el verbo; en inglés es obligatorio.
• Confundir hábito con momento actual: 'I am studying English' (ahora) vs 'I study English' (hábito).
• Frecuencia mal colocada: el adverbio va antes del verbo principal pero después de be: 'She always arrives early' / 'She is always late.'

Pista clave: si ves every, usually, often, never → Present Simple. Si ves now, at the moment, today, look! → Present Continuous.

El Past Simple describe acciones acabadas en un momento concreto del pasado. El Past Continuous (was/were + V-ing) describe acciones en curso en el pasado, normalmente interrumpidas por una acción puntual.

Formación

• Past Simple: verbos regulares + -ed; irregulares con forma propia (go → went, see → saw).
• Negativo/pregunta Past Simple: did/didn't + base (nunca pasado).
• Past Continuous: was (I/he/she/it) o were (you/we/they) + V-ing.

Verbos irregulares más frecuentes en el examen

Reglas de la interrupción

• While + Past Continuous, + Past Simple: 'While I was studying, the phone rang.'
• When + Past Simple, + Past Simple/Continuous: 'When she arrived, we were eating.'
• At + hora exacta + pasado: suele pedir Past Continuous para acción en curso.

Distractores favoritos del examen

• 'Didn't answered': tras did/didn't SIEMPRE base. La opción correcta es 'didn't answer'.
• 'Falled, runned, buyed, comed, telled': pasados regulares inventados de verbos irregulares.
• Combinar Past Simple + Past Continuous al revés: la acción durativa (más larga) va en Continuous; la puntual (interrupción) en Simple.

Pista clave: yesterday, ago, last week, in 2020 → Past Simple. While, at 8 pm yesterday, all afternoon → Past Continuous.

Esta es la confusión número uno de los hispanohablantes en el examen. El español 'he ido' se traduce tanto por 'I've gone' como por 'I went' según el contexto, pero el inglés exige distinguir.

Cuándo usar cada uno

Marcadores que NO pueden combinarse con Present Perfect

• yesterday → 'I have gone yesterday' ✗ → 'I went yesterday' ✓
• ago → 'She has called me 5 minutes ago' ✗ → 'She called me 5 minutes ago' ✓
• last week/month/year → 'We have travelled last summer' ✗ → 'We travelled last summer' ✓
• in + año cerrado → 'I have been there in 2010' ✗ → 'I was there in 2010' ✓

Marcadores típicos del Present Perfect

• for + duración: 'I have lived here for ten years.'
• since + punto en el tiempo: 'She has worked here since 2018.'
• just (recién): 'He has just arrived.'
• already (ya, antes de lo esperado): 'I have already finished.'
• yet (todavía, en negativas/preguntas): 'Have you eaten yet?'
• ever / never (experiencia): 'Have you ever tried sushi?'

Participios pasados irregulares para el examen

be → been, do → done, eat → eaten, see → seen, give → given, take → taken, write → written, know → known, fly → flown, ride → ridden, drive → driven, drink → drunk, sing → sung, swim → swum, speak → spoken, break → broken, choose → chosen, forget → forgotten, get → got/gotten, find → found, buy → bought, think → thought, bring → brought, come → come.

Distractores inexistentes que aparecen en el examen: haved, hasn't sell, has rang, have ride, flewn, comen, telled.

Pista clave: ve al marcador temporal. Si es yesterday/ago/in 1999 → Past Simple obligatorio. Si es since/for/just/already/yet/ever → Present Perfect.